Process for making artificial stone and concrete.



was

i portions-and properly worked, is made with the tem- U0- UUMI'USHIUNS,comma 0a Pusvc UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

FRANKLIN s'ILAs LAMS'OX, OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT or COLUMBIA, .issIoxoR'lO cosmos CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, OF \vssmxo'rox, DISTRICT or COLUMBIA, ACORPORATION OF TIIE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

:snocass FOR MAKING An'rnucmr. STONE AND CONCRETE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented not. 5, 1907.

I Application filed August 14.1902. Serial h c. 119 .673.nfllldIfllrsgptcmhgr 21.1906. Serial No. 335.647.

which the following is a specification.

This discovery relates to the of artificial stone, and concrete, by thecombination of Portland ce t, sand or finely crushed stone, and waterwhetEer with or withoutgravel or crushed stone, and with or withoutMmaterial; and has for its object the production of Portland stone, andPortland concrete, which can be easily and rapidly made by machinery;which will be ready for use in a short period of time; very hard andtough and durable; and capable of use in the various forms of plasticart which require a material that can be molded into desired forms, andthen will set and harden into imperishable stone.

In the making of artificial stone and concrete, of the materials abovedescribed, ,I, have discovered that,

when the combination of such materials, in proper pro perature of thematerials at about the expansion ecreim tHWmE-sw to 32 nd the productthus made is keptat a ut t s temperature until the setting of the cementbe complete.requiring six or seven hours, more or less, according to theocment used, the product becomes stone, ready to be laid in the wall (orused) in a days time; becoming in timeso hard and tough thatgranite-working tools make but little impression on, it; impervious towater, frostvproof and fire-proof; practically indestructible byordinary agencies. The combination of such materials at suchtemperatures also gives suificient rigidity to the freshly mixed plasticproduct as to allow it to be forced out of the mixing machine, throughopenings of desired form, in a compressed continuous mass which'relaidin the wall; enabling the rapid construction of concrete beds for streetpavement'ssince the product (of regular siz after being forced out ofthe machine and cut to lengths, can be conveyed directly to the work-'cement sets), thus making the pavement a homogeneous mass of evenquality and eualurance. At the temperature above named, also, theinitialand final settings of the cement are retarded (varying with the brandsused), so that ample time is given for the (cmpletion of the workdescribed, without injury to the product from premature setting.

In the pmctical'application of theprocess of producing and emplacing thefreshly plastic product in concrete form, the preparation of thefoundation bed of a structure should be accurately done, so that theregular thickness of material may produce a surface of regularcontour-although any inaccuracies can be corrected by the application ofloose material of similar quality and temperature; a layer ofheat-nonconducting and water-non-absorbing material should then be laid(to prevent the conduction of heat from the bed to the concrete, and theabsorption by the bed of the water in the concrete), upon which materialthe layer or layers of plastic concrete should be regularly and closelyemplaced, and thoroughly compressed. By the use of two or moremachines-or by the use of one machine having two or more mixing andcompression chambers-two or more layers of differing quality, such as abase and a superstructure, can be emplaced, and by compression be unitedand compacted before the setting of the cement. After compression, andbefore the setting of the cement, the surface of a structure'can bescored, indented, or otherwise impressed, by the use of properlyprepared rollers, or other tools. During the setting period aconstruction should be inclosed with non-conducting material, to preventthe absorption of heat by the fresh concrete; which concrete should alsohave added pressure applied thereto during such period.

In the erection of artificial stone or concrete structures this processpermits the most rapid, as well as the strongest and most durable,construction. The life of steel constructions, instead of beingproblematical with a certainty of. ultimate destruction, can be assuredagainst results of corrosion, and thereby be in- ,defin itely extendedvWith suitable portable machinery within the area of, or adjacent to, thesite on which the structure is to be built, the material for the havinga steel framework inclose'd, the stone-work of thebtructurss, when stoneis used, should combine therewith. Iii-inclosing the iramework withinsuch stone-work, the stonework next the steel may be spaced from it,leaving recesses to receive the plastic cement material around thesteel, which material,

when set and hardened, would bind the stone-work material in connectionwith the fresh material for the The sequences, or steps, in this processare: mixing Jlhc stone or concrete, the production of the material informsof regular thickness enables the quick and regular introduction ofsuch strengthening material between the sections, or layers, when thedescribed compression will unite and compact the mass, and form thestrengthened product desired. In introducing such strengthening materialbetween the sections of plastic material for stone, the compressing andfreezing room pressure would unite the plastic sections with theincluded metal; in introducing such material between layers for floors,walks, pavements, etc., the ordinary roller pres sure would unite them;and in introducing such material between layers placed in wall-molds,the usual ramming would serve the same purpose.

In producing the temperature contemplated by this process no specialmethod is required, as any wellknown mcthodsuch as air-compression orgas-expansi0nmay be used without affecting the process in other than aneconomical way. The production of such temperature for such purpose,should-as far as practicable-be accomplished within such inclosurc aswill permit its regulation and continuance within the limits, as in theordinary use of the procure the material is mixed at a temperature ofabout 39 F., and the temperature caused to descend to 32 1",, or lower,and caused to be kept at about such degree until the setting of thecement is complete.

'.ihe process herein described and claimed is not limited to thespcciiic degrees of temperature noted, as still lower temperature may beof service, nor to any special order, or degree of mpidiiy, in theproduction of the water-expansion temperature intended to be obiaincd,one object in view being the production of pressure by the expansiveforce exerted thereby. In the npplicui ion of thc pressure obtained bythe expansive force of freezing water to the inchoato stone press-ed inmolds, (scc above), such pressed mate- "rial is held locked in suchmolds during the period of freezing. The increased )rcssurc, claim 8, tobe given to the cm while i'rcsh (see above) may be produced by having itheavily loaded during the period of the initial and final setting of thecement.

material at the'described temperature; by re giving the materialconcrete form; de os' it on molds, plates or conveyors; separating tinto sections;

conve in the sections to p aces o deposit-the stone i0 fiidcompressingand freezing room, the concrete to the pavement-bed; lacin the stonesections (in molds) in the compressor and compressing them (looking downthe mold-covers), the concrete sections in layers on the bed andcompressing them by rollers; the stone sections (in locked molds) arethen placed in the freezing room until the cement has set, the rolledflv'ement is heavily loaded during the setting period when desired there naturally or artificially.

Since reference has herein been necessarily made to certain machineryand appliances which cannotunder the rulesbe included in thisapplication, note is here made of the intention to include suchsubjectmatter in other application, or applications, to be hereafterperfected and made.

I am aware that it was known prior to my application that the making ofconcrete in cold weather has an advantageous result, that result beingdue to the fact that in such weather the water is not evaporated fromthe mixture before the cement sets, as in hot weather, mild damp weatherbeing considered better than either; but I am not aware that it wasknown (and such knowledge utilized) that the stiff plasticity producedby the temperature of the materials between 39 and 32 F., enabled theproduction of the stone and concrete, by mechanical means, in concreteforms of regular size, as herein set forth. I am also aware that thematerial for concrete has been mixed by machines, that such mixedmaterial has been received in barrows and other receptacles and conveyedto places of deposit; all of which can be done at ordinary temperatures,whether the so-cullcd dry process or "wet process" be used, as noparticular degree of rigidityis required to enable such operations; butwhen 1110 object is to produce in such mixtures a plasticity stillenough to enable the product to be. operated upon by machines, as hereindescribed, such object can not be accomplished at ordinary tcuuwrnlurcs,the particular temperatures necessary being those commonly avoided inthe art from fear of the freezing which I have found to be so valuable.

What I claim, and desire to secure by LeticrsPutent, is

l. The process of making l'ortinnd stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the materials (cement. sand, \rulcr. clc.) with their lemperalurcbetween 39 and 32 1-... such range enabling the adaptation oftemperature lo the varying quality of the mixtures, produced by thedifferent proporiions of the materials used, whereby stillplasticity isgiven to each mixture, suhstnnibiiLv as described.

L. The process of making. urliiiciui stone or concrete. consisling inmixing the muieriul at about the expansive decreasing-tcmperalure ofwatcr3i to 32 F.. and kccplug Ii at about this temperature until thesettin or the cement be complete, substantially us described.

3. The process of making urtliiciui stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the material at about the expansive dccrcnsiug-lclmwrature ofwater-411i to 32 i packing It by ramming or compression, and keeping itat about this temperature until the setting of the cement be complete,subsin-niinlly as set forth.

4. The process of making artificial stone or concrete, consisting inmixing ihc material at about the expansive decreasing-ternperuturc of wder-39" to 32 1 1, pucking it by ramming or compression. and keeping itunder comprcssiou at such temperature uulil the setting of the co mentbe complcic, suhstnniiuily as described.

5. The process of making urlillcinl stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the material at about 39 1-1, packing it hy ramming orcompression, and causing its temperature to descend to 32 F,. or lower,before the setting of the cement be complete, substantially asdescribed.

pavement may also be frozen,

6. The process of making artificial stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the material at about-39 F., .packing it by ramming orcompression, causing its temperature to descend to 32 F., -or lower,before the setting of the cement, andkeeping it at such temperatureuntil the set-v tingof the-cement be complete, substantially asdescribed.

."I. The process ofmaking-artificial stone or concrete, conais't-ing inmixing the material at about 39 F., packing ltby ramming orcompressiomandjaepinglt under compression with the temperaturedescending to 32 F., or

lower, beforethe setting of thecement be complete, whereby thecompression is increased by the expansive force of freezing-water duringthe period of setting, substantially as set forth.

8. In the production-of Portland stone or concrete, the material forwhich his been rammed or compressed before the setting of the cement, amethod of adding increased pressure during the period of the setting ofthe cement, substantially as described.

9. The'process'ot making artificial stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the material at about the expansive decreasing-temperatureof'-water39 to 32 F., and giving the plastic mass a concrete form, whilekept at said temperature, substantially as set forth.

10. The process of making artificial stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the material at about the expansive decreasing-temperature ofwater-39 to 32 F., giving the plastic mass concrete forms, and-emplacingthem on, in or with a structure. whilekept at said temperature,substantially as set forth.

v 11. The process of making artificial stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the material at about the expansive decreasing-temperature ofwater-39 to 32 F., giving the plastic mass concrete forms, emplacingthem on, in or with a structure, and applying pressure thereto, whilekept at said temperature, substantially as set forth.

12. The process of making artificial stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the material at about the expansive decreasing-temperature ofwater-39 to 32 F., and giving the plastic mass a concrete'form ofprogressive contiuuity, while kept at said temperature, substantially asset forth. t

13. The process of making artificial atone or concrete, consisting inmixing the materials with their temperature between 39 and 32 F., andgiving thestlfliy-plasticmass a concrete form of regular size, whilekept at such tem perature, substantiallyas set forth. I '14. The/process of making artificial stone or concrete, consisting in mixingthe materials with their temperature between 39 and 32 F., and givingthe stlfliy-plastic mass a concrete form of regular size and progressivecontinulty, while kept at such temperature, substantially as set forth.

15. The process of making artificial stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the materials with their temperature between 39 and 32 F., andgiving the stiiiiy-plastic mass a concrete formof regular thickness,while kept at such temperature, substantially as set forth.

16. The process of making artificial stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the materials with their temperature between 39- and 32 F., andgiving the stiifl'y-plastic mass a concrete form of regular thicknessand progressive-continuity, while kept at, such temperature,substantially as described.

17: The process of making Portland stone or concrete whichcensistiiinmixing the material with its temperature at about 39 in 32"F., and giving the plastic massconcrete form. f

18. The processof making Portland stone or concrete which consists inmixing the material with -its tempei-a-f crete forms' of progressivecontinuity;

about 39 to 32 F., giving the plastic mass concrete forms. and emplacingthem in a structure while fresh in a plurality of forms orlayersfwhereby formations of varying quality or form may be conjointlylaid, ready for compression.

24. The process of Portland concrete construction which consists inmixing the material with its temperature at about 39 to 32 F., givingthe plastic mass concrete forms of regular size, emplacing them whilefresh upon a prepared foundation, and by pressure bringing them todesired figure or contour while still fresh.

25. The process of Portland concrete construction which consists inmixing the material with its temperature at about 39 to 32 F., givingthe plastic mass concrete forms of regular size, empiacing them whilefresh upon a prepared foundation. by pressure bringing them to desiredfigure or contour while still fresh, and covering or inclosing thepressed construction with non-conducting materia while the cement sets.

26. The process of Portland concrete construction which consists inmixing the material with its temperature at about 89 to 32 F., givingthe plastic mass concrete forms of desired size and figure, emplacingthem while fresh in desired position, by pressure bringing them tocorrect figure or contour while still fresh, and subsequently applyingto 'the compressed construction additional pressure while the cementsets.

27. The process of making Portland stone or concrete, consisting inmixing the materials with their temperature between 39 and 32" F.,giving the stiiiiy-plastic mass a concrete form of regularsiae,-snd--depositingit on molds, plates or conveyers, while kept atsuch temperature, sub stantlally as described.

28. The process of-msking Portland stone or concrete,

concrete'form ofregnlar size and progressive continuity,

depositing it on molds, plates or conveyers, and cutting or separatingit into regular sections o'f-a'ny desired size and form, while kept atsuch temperature-substantially as set forth.

'30. The process of making Portland stone.or concrete, consisting inmixing the materials with their temperature between 39 and 32 F., givingthe stiiily-plastic mass a concrete form of regular sine and progressivecontinuity, depositing" it on molds," plates or conveyers, 'cutting orseparating it into regularvsection's of any desired size and form, andconveying it to places of deposit, while kept at such temperature,substantially as -described.

. 3L'The process of making Portland stone or concrete,

consisting in mixing the materials with their temperature between 39 and32 F.,- giving-the stiiliy-plastic mass a concrete form of regularsizeand progressive continuity, depositing it on molds, plates or conveyors,cutting or separating it into seguiar sections of any desired size andform, conveying it to places of deposit snd'deposlting it, while kept atsuch temperature, substantially as described.

32. The process of making Portland stone or concrete.- consisting inmixing the'materials with their temperature between.39"and 32 F. givingthe filmy-plastic mass a concrete form of regular-she-andprogressivecontinuity,

..arating.it into regular sections of any desired size and depositing iton'moids, plates orv conveyors, cutting or sepform, conveying it toplaces of deposit, and compressing it, while kept at such temperature,substantially as described.

33. The process of making artificial stone or concrete; consisting inmixing the material at about the expansive decreasing-temperature ofwater39 to 32' F., giving the plastic mass a concrete form ofprogressive continuity,

depositing it on molds, plates or conveyers, cutting or separating itinto-sections, conveying it to places of deposit, compressing it, andkeeping it under compression at said temperature until the setting ofthe cement be complete, substantially as set forth.

84. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to stifl plasticity, thereby enabling the use of operativemachines for giving suchmaterial concrete form, substantially asdescribed. a

35. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to still plasticity, and giving the plastic mass concrete form.

36. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to. still? plasticity, and giving the plastic mass concreteforms of regular size.

37. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to stifl plasticity, and giving the plastic mass concrete formsof regular thickness.

38. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to stiif plasticity, and giving the plastic mass concrete formsof progressive continuity.

39. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to stlfi plasticity, giving the plastic mass concrete forms,and emplacing them in a structure whiiefresh.

40. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to stiff plasticity, giving the plastic mass concrete forms,emplacing them in a structure while fresh, aud applying pressurethereto.

41. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to-stlif plasticity, giving the plastic mass concrete form, andemplacing them in a structure while fresh in a plurality of forms orlayers, whereby formations of varying quality or form may be conjointiyplaced, ready for jolnture or compaction.

' 42. The process-of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to stiif plasticity and giving the plastic mass regular form,substantially as described.

43. The process of .concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to still! plasticity, giving the plastic mass regular form, andempiacing It while fresh on, in or with a structure.

44. The process of concrete construction which consists in mixing thematerial to stifl plasticity, giving the plastic mass regular form,emplacing it while fresh on, in.-or with a structure, and applyingpressure thereto.

45. The process of Portland concrete construction which consists inmixing the material to stifl plasticity,-giving the plastic mass regularform, and emplacing it while fresh on, in or with a structure.

48. 'The process of Portland concrete construction which consistsin.mixing the material to still plasticity, giving. the plastic massregular form, emplacing it while fresh on, in or with a structure, andapplying pressure thereto.

47. In a process for making concrete structures, the step of emplacingthe freshly plastic material in concrete forms.

48. In a process for making concrete structures, the step of emplacingthe freshly plastic material in concrete forms of desired shape,tluckuess or size.

49. In .a process for maxing concrete structures, the

steps or emplacing.the'freshiy piastic'materiai in concrete forms ofdesired shape, thicknessor sine, am applying pressure to unite orcompactthem.

50. In a process-for making concrete structures, the step of emplacingfreshly plastic material of concrete forms in a plurality of forms orlayers, whereby formations of varying quality or form may be conjointlyplaced, ready for union or compaction by pressure applied.

step of emplacing the freshly plastic concrete in a layer or layers ofregular thickness, substantially as described.

52. In a process for making concrete structures, the step of empiacingthe freshly plastic concrete in blocks, or sections, of regular size,whereby such material can be quickly and regularly empiaced.

53. In a process for making concrete structures, the step of placingplastic concrete blocklin formations which break joinislaterally orvertically. whereby pressure may most thoroughly unite and compact themintp a moholithic mass of formed stone. 4

54. Ina process for making concrete structures, the step of empiacingplastic concrete in'regular forms.

55. In a process for making concrete structures, the steps of emplaclngplastic concrete in regular forms, and applying pressure to unite them.

56. In a process for making concrete structures which consists inempiaciug the freshly plastic material in regular forms, the method ofcorrecting inaccuracies by the application of loose material of adaptedquality and temperature.

57. In a process for making concrete structures, the step of interposingnon-conducting and non-absorbing material between the plastic concretesurface and an exterior heat-conductingaud water-absorbing medium,whereby the desired temperature and moisture of the concrete may beretained while the cement sets.

58. In a process for making concrete structures, the step of intcrposingnon-conducting material between the plastic concrete audauexteriorheat-conducting medium, substantially as described.

59. In a process for making concrete structures,- the step of emplaclngplastic concrete of regular form in a plurality of layers, wherebylayers of varying quality may be conjointly laid, ready for compactionby pressure applied.

60'. In a process for making concrete structures which consists in theemplacing of the freshly plastic material in regular forms, the methodof introducing metal strengthening msterial between such regular formsof plastic material.

61. In a process for making concrete structures which consists in theemplacing of the freshly plastic material in regular forms, the methodof introducing metal strengthening material between such regular formsof plastic ma toaial, and applying pressure thereto.

62. In a process for making concrete atructureswhich consisin in theemplacing'of the freshly plastic material in forms of regular thickness,the method of correcting inaccuracies by the application of loosematerial of adaptcd quality and temperature, substantially as described.

68. In a process for makingPortland stone and steelframe constructions,substantially aadescrlbed, the method of uniting such stone and suchframe by connecting them with freshly plastic cement material, wherebysuch stone and frame. combine to carry the load, and the plastic cementmaterial, when set, protects the steel from corrosion.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses.

. Wiimesses;

E. R. Larson,

- C. T. Lulson.

51. In a process for making concrete structures, the

